Hot Swap Disks + CentOS
Aug 7, 2007
We're about to buy a Dell Poweredge 1950 with hot swap disks in a raid 1 configuration (might even think about other raid combinations).
We will be installing Centos 5 (never tried it - normally use Centos 4) + control panel
The question is: what happens when a disk fails? How do we find out?(Apart from looking at the server) Any software notices?
Once noticed, what is the standard procedure to replace the disk? (Remember they are "hot swap") Do you just pull one out and replace it? Surely you have to rebuild the array...
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Dec 2, 2007
Up to now we've been using CentOS with SCSI/SATA disk shich weren't "hot swap", and now we're upgrading to a Dell PowerEdge 1950 revision III with SAS hot swap disks on a PERC RAID 6i (new model of raid controller from Dell).
OF COURSE, Dell ONLY supports Windows (and Red Hat at the very most on the Linux world) so we were told by a Microsoft Tech that to be able to extract a disk and replace with another it had to be done via software. (The software powers the disk down and then you replace it)
Does anyone use CentOS with hot swap SAS disks? Do you use any special software to monitor the disks and/or replace them?
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Apr 27, 2008
I would like to hear which configuration you think will be better for a hosting server.
I have allready a raid controller in the server.
I am more concerned with security.
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Nov 2, 2009
Currently we're using HP servers with 4 hot-swap bays that hold 3.5" Seagate Cheetah 15K RPM SAS disks, which we can get in 300, 450, and 600 GB flavors.
I'm looking at the HP DL380/385 models which use 2.5" SAS disks. About the only decent 15K RPM SAS disk I've found in 2.5" form is the Seagate Savvio, but it doesn't come any larger than 146 GB.
Anyone know of another enterprise-class SAS disk that has all of the following attributes: 2.5", 15K RPM, SAS, and at least 300 GB?
(Please, no 10K RPM or SATA recommendations like the WD Velociraptor. I won't consider anything that's not 15K RPM SAS.)
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Jul 25, 2009
I do not have a restore disk for my Toshiba laptop and there is a virus on it. Can I use my restore disk from my HP computer? Both use windows XP?
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Aug 31, 2009
Hardisk brands all had their ups and downs over time. So almost all brands made sometime bad drive models that failed (yes, even IBM)
I just finished reading an article that currently for servers it seems Seagate is the best (currently).
Some say Western, some say Maxtor, I heard everything. It seems nobody agrees or there isnt one that actually has the lowest failure rates.
It would be nice to hear from real experience on servers scenarios (not office, or desktop). The article also said Hitachi was one of the worst and my eyes just popped out. I found reviews of people here that said Hitachi where the bests. So to conclude it seems everybody has their own preference.
It would be nice to hear some Datacenters or people with tons of servers. I suppose recovery centers and datacenters probably have the best stats on which disks are failing the most.
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Jul 27, 2007
How do you handle your mega space requirements for your high-use databases? Do any of you work with storage in the terabytes? If so, what kind of hardware and setup do you use?
Do you just have many commodity servers with maybe 100GB or so in each, or do you have some kind of shared RAID array set up? Or some kind of SAN?
Keep in mind I'm not talking about network storage (i.e. slow, personal use, file server) but rather high-speed intensive high-read/high-write database requirements.
What are the options for implementing such a solution?
What types of products fit such requirements? Could you comment on what things to look for when purchasing such a set of products?
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Feb 12, 2008
I colo a 1U machine with 2-36gig drives. They're not in RAID, and I have it set to rsync backups to a remote machine on a regular schedule. I have another remote machine functioning as a secondary DNS. Neither of these 2 are on a large upstream pipe. I just bought 2-147gig drives that I'd like to replace the 36g's with. How does this sound for a scenario to accomplish this with little downtime (pre-pardon my noob'ish ways):
1. Do a complete rsync of the filesystem to my remote machine as well as sync the mysql db's (to 1 remote drive).
2. Pop that single rsync'd drive into an external enclosure.
3. Travel to datacenter, once there, plug external drive into laptop and start up a VM that boots off of that drive.
4. Sync again so external drive has the most up-to-date data.
5. Change over IP's from colo to VM on laptop.
6. Shutdown and swap out drives in colo'd box with the new ones.
7. Setup new drives as RAID 1, install OS, then rsync filesystem over from laptop to new drives in colo'd box.
8. Change back IP's.
What am I missing, or is there an easier way without a 2nd colo/dedicated server? Currently, the colo'd machine is using about 1.3Mbit/sec outbound and it's running a low load.
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May 30, 2008
I have a server with SATA- Hot Swap disks. I can do this, and swap out a disk, and re-partition
the new one, however the running Linux kernel hangs on to the old partition table in memory.
So even though the disk is not in use, and has been re-partitioned, I still need to reboot to
get the kernel to see the new partitions, and use them. Is there any way around this?
How to force kernel to re-read disk partitions on non-system disks?
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Mar 19, 2008
anyone know any managed dedicated server provider who we can mail our hard disks to? We have a small pipe to the Internet and this is the only avenue we've thought of.
Or perhaps another solution that we haven't thought of?
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Oct 2, 2007
For building a house for, ie, 30 VPS, what kind of disks are you using? normal SATA? Raptor? SCSI?
I am going to use Quad-core CPU with 4-8GB RAM, but still wondering about the disks
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Mar 1, 2009
I have a server with 2 hard drives, say drive A and drive B. Right now all my files, database and data is on drive A, and drive B is empty. Since I have another drive available, I want to split the load between the two drives. I'm ok with having the web pages and the database on one drive. I mostly want to just have the data (I have about 500GB of data) split between the two drives. Note that I want to avoid duplicating the data. I want to have each file on either drive A XOR drive B.
Should I map a separate subdomain to drive B and then use that subdomain to serve the half of the data thats there? Is there something I can do with hard/soft links on the server so that even though the data is on 2 drives, users still use the same url to access data on either drive? Any other options?
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Sep 14, 2008
if I order a RAID from a host, can I be confident that they're not going to put two of the same make, model and order in there?
Or at least run one of the disks for a significant time before using inserting into the RAID?
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Jan 11, 2007
Since purchasing 16-disk arrray NAS server 4-5 months ago, 5 disks have crashed so far. They are all WD4000YS. They're all "Raid Edition" which supposed to last longer than typical drives. It has been puzzling me until now.
It turns out that "Data Lifeguard" feature was confusing the RAID controller to believe that the disk was dead, hence the "failed" disk. AFAIK, Western Digital released firmware update on 01/09/07 that's supposed to fix this.
[url]p_faqid=1493&p_created=1168299631&p_sid=vfEX7qri&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPTEmcF9zb3J0X2J5PSZwX2dyaWRzb3J0PSZwX3J vd19jbnQ9MiZwX3Byb2RzPTAmcF9jYXRzPTAmcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9zZWFyY2hfdHlwZT1hbnN3ZXJzLnNlYXJjaF9mbmwmcF9wYWdlPTEmcF9zZWFyY2hfdGV4dD1XRDQwMDBZUw**&p_li=&p_ topview=1
So, if you have WDxxxxYS on your pre-production server, pull them out for a firmware update first!
For me, I can only swap "hot-spare" out for a firmware update. For other disks, I'll just have to wait for them to "drop" out of the array first. I cannot take this server offline at all. Any suggestions?
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Oct 27, 2009
If you want a quick run down as to WHY I want to do this, read here
Basically, my ISP could not get my server running stable on a simple raid 1 (or raid 5) so what it came down to was having them install my system on a single disk. I don't exactly like this, main reason being, if the system (or HDD) crashes, I'll end up with another several hours of down time... So here is my proposal:
Please Note: This will have to be accomplished on a live System (full backups!) over ssh as I don't trust my ISP to do things right as described in my post above.
Current Setup:
CentOS 5.3 x86_64
Dual Xeon 5410
16GB RAM
4x 750GB HDDs
/boot - /dev/sda1 - 512MB (real 471MB) ext3
/ - /dev/sda2 - 50GB (real 46GB) ext3
/home - /dev/sda3 - remaining space (real 642GB) ext3
swap - /dev/sdb1 - 32GB
/backup - /dev/sdb2 - remaining space (real 659GB) ext3
/dev/md0 - /dev/sdc + /dev/sdd - raid 1 (NOTE: uses entire disk, no partitions!)
Proposed Solution:
Code:
vgcreate -s 64M vg0 /dev/md0
lvcreate -L 512M -n lvboot vg0
lvcreate -L 50G -n lvroot vg0
lvcreate -L 5G -n lvtmp vg0
lvcreate --extent 100%FREE -n lvhome vg0
mkfs -t ext3 -m 1 /dev/vg0/lvboot
mkfs -t ext3 -m 1 /dev/vg0/lvroot
mkfs -t ext3 -m 1 /dev/vg0/lvtmp
mkfs -t ext3 -m 1 /dev/vg0/lvhome
Now, I'd like to 'init 1' at this stage but I can't, so I won't (possible solutions?? Possible to umount the / partition??)
Assuming I'd have to do this on a fully live system, I'd disable all services that I can
Code:
/etc/init.d/sendmail stop
/etc/init.d/postfix stop
/etc/init.d/saslauthd stop
/etc/init.d/httpd stop
/etc/init.d/mysql stop
/etc/init.d/courier-authlib stop
/etc/init.d/courier-imap stop
/etc/init.d/amavisd stop
/etc/init.d/clamd stop
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd stop
/etc/init.d/fail2ban stop
/etc/init.d/syslogd stop
Then we copy all of our data from the single partitions to the raid disks
Code:
mkdir /mnt/newroot
mkdir /mnt/newroot/boot
mkdir /mnt/newroot/tmp
mkdir /mnt/newroot/home
Code:
mount /dev/vg0/lvboot /mnt/newroot/boot
mount /dev/vg0/lvroot /mnt/newroot/root
mount /dev/vg0/lvtmp /mnt/newroot/tmp
mount /dev/vg0/lvhome /mnt/newroot/home
(I think I covered everything)
Code:
umount -l /dev/sda1 (/boot)
umount -l /dev/sda3 (/home)
cp -dpRx /* /mnt/newroot/
mount /dev/sda1 /boot
cp -dpRx /boot/* /mnt/newroot/boot/
mount /dev/sda3 /home
cp -dpRx /home/* /mnt/newroot/home/
Once we have everything copied, update /etc/fstab and /etc/mtab to reflect the changes we made:
vi /etc/fstab
Code:
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 0 3
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0
To
Code:
/dev/vg0/lvhome /home ext3 defaults 0 3
/dev/vg0/lvroot / ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1
/dev/vg0/lvboot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0
Moving on, we make a fail safe in the event this doesn't work out:
vi /boot/grub/menu.lst
find
Code:
default=0
add after
Code:
fallback=1
Then we find (in the same file):
Code:
title CentOS (2.6.18-164.el5)
root (hd1,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.el5 ro root=/dev/vg0/vgroot
initrd /initrd-2.6.18-164.el5.img
Add before:
Code:
title CentOS (2.6.18-164.el5)
root (hd3,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.el5 ro root=/dev/sda2
initrd /initrd-2.6.18-164.el5.img
Where (hd3,0) is /dev/sdc. If the system fails to boot to the raid then it'll auto boot to the single disk (/dev/sda)
then update my ramdisk:
mv /boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img /boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img_bak
mkinitrd /boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img `uname -r`
And now to set up grub...
Code:
grub
> root (hd0,0)
> setup (hd0)
we should see something like this:
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 15 sectors are embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+15 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
Code:
> root (hd3,0)
> setup (hd3)
Again, we should see something like this:
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd1)"... 15 sectors are embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd1) (hd1)1+15 p (hd1,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
Code:
> quit
From here I think we're ready to reboot, can't see where I missed anything. If all goes well then I should see my volume groups listed in 'df- h'
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Jun 10, 2015
Due to data center limitations, I am restricted to 100GB on my primary disk but can have up to 2TB on a second disk.Is it possible to have the backup node use the second disk instead of the primary disk?Also is it possible to have multiple to have multiple backup nodes?
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Jan 3, 2009
just out of interest, does anyone know a ssh command(s) to bring up your servers hardware stats? Cpu type and clock speed, memory, disks etc.
I've looked everywhere for a shell command to show cpu type with no luck.
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Apr 19, 2009
What would cause a Linux server to run out of swap? Would it be a memory leak? This happened today to my server and it had to be forcefully rebooted by the data center.
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Apr 25, 2008
My server load is up to 20 sometimes, all RAM is used but only a very little SWAP is used (never go above 3M). IOwait is also very high
top - 09:55:33 up 94 days, 3:35, 2 users, load average: 19.09, 9.43, 6.18
Tasks: 327 total, 2 running, 325 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 38.0% us, 2.0% sy, 0.0% ni, 0.0% id, 59.5% wa, 0.0% hi, 0.5% si
Mem: 2056272k total, 2034064k used, 22208k free, 47516k buffers
Swap: 1052248k total, 3572k used, 1048676k free, 800656k cached
I tried swapoff, mkswap and swapon but it is still the same.
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Jul 6, 2007
do i need to upgrade my server if it looks like this?
I have one website running on it.
[url]
*sign* I'm not really sure why it's running like this.
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Mar 31, 2009
I've got a dedicated with LW.
I've had it for a while and during that time I've never seen the swap memory go over 20%.
A month or so ago, I had the server upgraded to 8GB of ram to make room for more planned sites.
Since then, the swap memory has gone rampant. It regulary goes to 93% used with less than 20% of the regular ram and really no load on the server.
I've contacted support twice about it and was told don't worry it's normal.
From what I've read in the cpanel forum, no it's not normal and may in fact be caused by bad ram chips and if it hits 100% could freeze the server.
There are no processes or users causing it, so It's something else.
Has anybody had this type of problem that they resolved and could share what they did to resolve it?
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Jul 22, 2008
My swap is currently at 100% and my website isnt loading. What does swap mean and is this the reason my site isnt loading?
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Mar 1, 2008
i want to know why the swap in the server didn't work he is always 208k used
see my top status
top - 09:41:51 up 4 days, 12 min, 2 users, load average: 2.05, 3.11, 3.33
Tasks: 185 total, 2 running, 181 sleeping, 2 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.7% us, 1.0% sy, 1.6% ni, 92.4% id, 4.3% wa, 0.0% hi, 0.0% si
Mem: 4148808k total, 4008248k used, 140560k free, 117488k buffers
Swap: 2096440k total, 208k used, 2096232k free, 3016032k cached
cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs noexec,nosuid 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/tmp /tmp ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-sda7 swap swap pri=0,defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /hdd1 ext3 defaults,usrquota 0 0
/tmp /var/tmp ext3 defaults,bind,noauto 0 0
/dev/hdb /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/scd0 /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
My box
WHM 11.15.0 cPanel 11.18.1-R20683
CENTOS Enterprise 4.6 i686 on standard - WHM X v3.1.0
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Feb 20, 2008
Opcode caches have stability problems with some PHP apps:
[url]
I've been trying to get XCache working with gallery2, right now apache has to restart every 2-4 hours but it's been worse at times and it'd be nice to know what's going on
I noticed that both XCache and eAccel use a small amount of swap space all the time, it grows slowly and if I'm lucky enough to go without a segfault it will reach maybe 4MB. That's not a lot but it doesn't happen at all without a PHP cache (swap stays locked at 72kb unless RAM runs out and the server thrashes).
Here's the error and my settings:
[Tue Feb 19 06:19:55 2008] [error] PHP Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /home/cityv4/public_html/gallery/modules/customfield/classes/CustomFieldHelper.class on line 233
[Tue Feb 19 06:19:55 2008] [error] PHP Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /home/cityv4/public_html/gallery/modules/customfield/classes/CustomFieldHelper.class on line 233
[Tue Feb 19 06:19:56 2008] [notice] child pid 31028 exit signal Segmentation fault (11)
[Tue Feb 19 06:19:56 2008] [notice] child pid 10638 exit signal Segmentation fault (11)
[url]
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Jul 22, 2008
My swap is currently at 100% and my website isn't loading. What does swap mean and is this the reason my site isn't loading?
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Oct 28, 2007
I have two servers, HP RAID and DELL RAID.
Both controllers are set to RAID 1
I want to take the 2 HD from HP, and put into Dell.
Would this ruin my HD? Will I break the RAID and all my files be lost?
How can I achieve this without loosing my files?
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Oct 1, 2007
I have purchased several VPS from a provider and found they do not provide swap space with VPS, and even with 256MB ram, I get 'out of memory' trying to compile a perl library... Creation of a swap file by myself doesn't work (operation is not permitted).
Hosting providers runs HyperVM.
So the question. Is it common or is it a misconfiguration? For now I got just 'checking on this for you' and three days of silence from their support.
I'm not opening hosting provider name, but I will if they say "You must pay for more RAM", just because other 5 VPS providers support my VPS servers with swap space.
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Jun 4, 2007
I have talked with the moderators and they have agreed that I can start a new thread to clarify the issue of Xen and swapping as long the discussion remains technical.
For people who are curious, I would first like to explain why this is important. What we have here is someone making a specific technical accusation against Xen, and if it is indeed crucial, it needs to be solved, or otherwise people have to know it before they get into Xen.
Claim Number 1: The original claim is that users can create arbitrarily large swap and this can lead to the equivalent of overselling.
Fact: Arbitrarily large swap has absolutely zero effect on a normal system, since Linux treats swap as an auxiliary storage, and will not use it unnecessarily. Linux will always use the RAM to the full, but swap is used only when all the buffers have been cleared. If you run free on a dedicated hardware, you will see that swap usage is most of the times zero, even though you have assigned a very large swap to the system. In fact, you can try this by simply increasing the swap to very huge value, you will see that Linux will ignore it completely.
For large swap to cause a problem, the user not only has to assign a large swap, he has to run a really huge workload on his limited RAM, and this being physically impossible, will cripple his vps long before it has any serious impact on the host.
I think the above has been agreed to by the person who made the initial claim.
Claim Number 2 Merely having a swap can lead to vps getting slowed down.
Fact ; The use of swap does not mean thrashing .
Thrashing is a technical term, and it means that the application is registering a swap hit every few instructions. This is rare in normal systems, because of a property of programs that execution is always localized. That is, at any particular time, a certain portion of the program will be continuously being executed, and other portions would be idle. Linux has algorithms that will swap out the Least Recently Used page, and this will mean that the system will not run into too many swap hits.
Now again, like in the earlier case, there will be trouble if the vps customer is trying to run a 1GB workload in a 64MB RAM. This will actually cripple his vps, which is what's the right thing to happen. So normal usage of Swap will not lead to disk I/O, since Linux has explicit algorithms to reduce swap usage.
So for minor OverUsage of memory:
For virtuozzo: the application will crash
For Xen: there will be a very minor degradation of quality. And sometimes it won't have any affect at all, since as I said, just because swap drive is non-empty doesn't mean that linux is constantly swapping out.
So summarizing:
a) Inordinately large swap has zero effect on Linux
b) Non-empty swap doesn't mean that the system is registering swap hits. For normal workloads, the swap hits will be very minimal.
And an extra advice is that if you are using Xen, don't ever use snapshoting, as it will double the disk I/O, and the worst thing is that the vps that's causing this will not even be penalized. The overhead will be completely borne by the system.
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May 11, 2007
I'm planning to get a small VPS (128 MB).
I've come across a XEN based plan that offers additional 256MB swap space, and a few others Virtuozzo based plans that offer bursting capability (some even upto 8GB).
Which would be the better option?
Also, in Virtuozzo, will SLM allocation be significantly more beneficial than UBC for a small VPS?
Another question ... DirectAdmin officially claims to be able to run on a minimum of 64MB RAM. How would it perform on a 128 MB VPS ?
I'm not really looking to do much, only to host a few (5-6) small sites along with some other non-webhosting applications (which is the reason for getting a VPS instead of a reseller).
I've seen most people suggest atleast 256MB for DirectAdmin, but that is beyond my budget. (I'm also seriously considering the option of employing vi as a control panel to further conserve my limited resources)
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